Following the APUSH designations of Period Six, Seven, and Eight, the course will focus on 1865 to 1980. It will begin with a thorough review of the major events and people that shaped America prior to the ending of the Civil War. Diverse learning materials offer perspective on how history unfolded from various points of view. Students are encouraged to question and critically assess historical events as presented through course literature, films, presentations, and lectures (and occasionally field trips). In order to explain contemporary politics and international affairs, it is important that students develop a strong understanding of how the nation’s laws and policies have been established and how these policies have affected those at home and abroad economically, socially, and politically. The following themes will be woven into the daily classroom experience: environment, migration, cultural diversity, values and beliefs, free enterprise, technology, constitutional government, civil rights, national identity, and cooperation and conflict. Critical thinking skills are the core of this course. Students learn to question what they have read and determine the motives behind the actions of not only historical figures, but also of groups and factions. Students also hypothesize about how history may have turned out differently while assessing the importance of individual actors and events in creating our common past. Critical thinking and writing skills include making contrasts and comparisons, organizing and evaluating historical information, distinguishing fact from opinion, analyzing decision-making, interpreting maps, charts and time lines, analyzing cause-and-effect relationships, and identifying alternatives.